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Keith Cowling was one of Europe’s leading industrial economists and a long standing advocate of industrial policy. He was also renowned for being highly critical of the state of contemporary capitalism, believing that its monopolistic tendencies led to recession and stagnation and was prone to abuse of corporate power. He conducted this critique by uniquely combining both neoclassical and heterodox approaches to economics, but with an empirical rigour that gained him the wide respect of the economics profession.